V2G technology utilises the battery capacity of EVs to provide extra services to the power grid. During high electricity demand, EVs can discharge stored energy back to the grid, reducing the need for additional power generation. Conversely, during low demand periods, EVs can recharge their batteries, often using renewable energy sources like solar or wind.
The implementation of V2G involves several components: bidirectional chargers, communication systems, and energy management software. Bidirectional chargers enable the two-way flow of electricity, allowing EVs to charge from and discharge to the grid. Communication systems, adhering to standards like ISO 15118 and Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP), facilitate real-time data exchange between the EV, the charger, and the grid operator, optimising energy transfer for grid needs and battery health.
V2G enhances grid reliability and efficiency by providing a distributed energy storage solution. It helps smooth out fluctuations in energy supply and demand, particularly those caused by the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, reducing reliance on less efficient and more polluting peaker plants.
For EV owners, V2G offers financial incentives. By participating in V2G programs, they can earn money or receive credits for the energy their vehicles supply to the grid. Additionally, V2G can lower the total cost of ownership for EVs by offsetting some charging costs.
However, the widespread adoption of V2G faces challenges, including the need for robust infrastructure, standardisation across systems, and concerns about the potential impact on battery life due to frequent charging and discharging cycles. Despite these challenges, V2G represents a promising step towards a more flexible and resilient energy system, integrating transportation and energy sectors for greater sustainability.